The Ultimate Digital Nomad Guide to Turkey: Visa, Living, Work & Beyond

Introduction:

Are you dreaming of a vibrant new base for your remote work, where ancient history meets modern connectivity, and daily life is rich with culture yet surprisingly affordable? Turkey beckons, but the path to becoming a digital nomad here can seem shrouded in complexity. From navigating the intricacies of new visa regulations to understanding the local lifestyle and work culture, there’s a lot to consider before you make the move. The idea of balancing work, exploration, and living in a foreign environment can be overwhelming.

This isn’t just another travel guide. It’s your definitive roadmap to unlocking Turkey as your next digital nomad destination, even Bolivia or a complete digital nomad Malaysia guide. We cut through the confusion, offering a hyper-detailed, expert-backed guide to everything you need to know: from securing the new digital nomad visa and managing your finances to finding the perfect city, connecting with local communities, and truly integrating into Turkish life.

By the end of this guide, you’ll have the clarity, confidence, and actionable strategies to make a seamless transition, avoid common pitfalls, and truly thrive as a digital nomad in Turkey. Turn the uncertainty of relocating into a well-planned, exciting experience, where your professional life blends perfectly with Turkey’s unique culture and scenery.

Turkey’s Digital Nomad Visa: Eligibility & Application

Understanding the New Digital Nomad Visa

Turkey’s new Digital Nomad Visa was introduced to attract remote workers, freelancers, and entrepreneurs seeking an affordable and culturally rich destination to live and work. This visa permits foreign nationals to reside in Turkey for up to one year, with the option to renew, making it an ideal choice for extended stays. Unlike other visas, it is specifically designed for those who work remotely, whether for international companies or as freelancers.

Purpose and Benefits: What It Offers Over Other Long-Stay Options

The Digital Nomad Visa is tailored to address the unique needs of remote workers. Unlike short-term tourist visas, which limit your stay to 90 days, or student visas, which restrict you to specific activities, the Digital Nomad Visa allows you the flexibility to live and work freely. It’s a more straightforward option than residency permits, which often require property ownership or local business investments. Additionally, this visa provides access to the country’s growing infrastructure, including co-working spaces and reliable internet, while maintaining a clear tax status as a remote worker.

Who is it for?

This visa is designed for remote workers, freelancers, and entrepreneurs—those who can work independently and don’t need to be tied to a specific location or office. If you’re employed by an overseas company, running your own business, or freelancing for international clients, the Digital Nomad Visa is your gateway to living in Turkey or Vietnam.

Digital Nomad Visa vs. Other Visa Types

Let’s take a closer look at how the Digital Nomad Visa compares with other standard visa options for those considering life in Turkey. A short-term tourist visa for Turkey is quick and easy to obtain, usually valid for 90 days, but it does not permit any form of work, making it unsuitable for remote workers since it is strictly for tourism and short visits. The student visa offers a longer stay and comes with a student residence permit, but it requires enrollment in a Turkish educational institution and often restricts full-time remote work, so it is not the best choice unless you are genuinely pursuing studies alongside. Another option is the residency permit for property owners, which allows for extended stays if you own property in Turkey; however, this route involves high upfront costs, added complexity, and is not specifically designed for remote work, though it remains a possible option for those willing to invest.

Eligibility Criteria: Do You Qualify?

Before you apply, it’s crucial to understand the specific eligibility requirements.

Nationality Requirements: Which Countries Are Eligible?

Turkey’s Digital Nomad Visa is available to citizens of most countries, although there are exceptions based on international agreements or political considerations. Ensure you check the list of eligible countries on Turkey’s official government website before applying.

Income Thresholds: Minimum Financial Proof Required

Applicants must demonstrate they have sufficient financial means to support themselves while living in Turkey. Typically, this means proving a monthly income or bank balance that meets or exceeds the minimum threshold set by the government. The exact amount can vary, so it’s recommended to check the latest figures on the official site.

Proof of Remote Work: Contracts, Client Agreements, Company Letters

As a remote worker, you’ll need to provide evidence that your income comes from outside Turkey. This could be in the form of employment contracts, client agreements, or company letters detailing your remote work status.

Age and Health Requirements

While there are no strict age limits for applicants, health requirements may apply. Applicants may be required to provide a health insurance policy that covers the duration of their stay in Turkey. Ensure your insurance policy meets the government’s requirements.

Step-by-Step Application Process

Navigating the Official Website

The application process begins on Turkey’s official government portal for immigration and visas. This platform guides you through each step of the application and allows you to submit necessary documents electronically. Be sure to create a profile and start your application well in advance.

Required Documents Checklist

To make sure your application goes smoothly, here’s a scannable checklist of the documents you’ll need:

  • Passport validity: Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your planned stay.
  • Proof of income/employment: Bank statements, contracts, or proof of freelance work.
  • Health insurance: Coverage for the duration of your stay in Turkey.
  • Accommodation proof: Initial accommodation booking or a rental agreement.
  • Educational qualifications: Depending on your profession, proof of qualifications may be necessary.
  • Criminal background check: You’ll need to provide a clean criminal record from your home country.
  • Biometric photos: A recent passport-sized photo with biometric specifications.

Begin your digital nomad visa application process well in advance. It can take several weeks or even months for approval, so gathering all documents meticulously and allowing ample time for processing is crucial.

To ensure accuracy, always refer to official Turkish government websites such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Directorate General of Migration Management for up-to-date information on visa requirements.

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

When applying for a visa in Turkey, it is important to avoid common mistakes that can slow down or even jeopardize your application. Incomplete documentation is one of the most frequent issues, as even a single missing paper can lead to delays, so it is crucial to double-check everything against the official checklist. Another key factor is meeting financial requirements; your proof of income must meet the set threshold, and if you are unsure, it is wise to consult with authorities or an immigration expert to confirm your documents are sufficient. Processing times can also vary, and some applicants face unexpected delays, so submitting your application well in advance of your planned arrival date helps prevent last-minute stress. Finally, be prepared for a visa interview if required—practice clear and honest responses about your remote work, income, and plans in Turkey, showing transparency and readiness to comply with the regulations.

Post-Approval Steps: Your First 90 Days Unpacked

Once your visa is approved and you arrive in Turkey, there are several essential steps to take care of during your first 90 days.

  1. Registration Upon Arrival: Upon arrival, you must register with the local authorities in your city. This is a required step to stay legally in Turkey.
  2. Obtaining a Local Tax Number: You’ll need to obtain a local tax number, especially if you plan to open a bank account or sign contracts.
  3. Setting Up Utilities and Internet: Reliable internet is crucial for remote work. Be prepared to set up utilities and internet, which can take time. Major cities offer a wide range of service providers, but rural areas often have fewer options.

Practical Guidance for Immediate Post-Arrival Challenges

Beyond just the application, it’s essential to be prepared for the practical challenges you’ll face after arrival. From settling into your new home to navigating the Turkish bureaucracy, this section offers immediate action steps to help you get up and running smoothly in Turkey.

Cost of Living in Turkey for Digital Nomads

Understanding Turkish Living Costs

Turkey offers an attractive cost of living, especially when compared to Western Europe, or other top digital nomad countries. However, the actual cost can vary significantly depending on factors like city choice, lifestyle, and housing preferences. Digital nomads need to have a clear understanding of these costs so they can budget effectively.

Factors Influencing Cost

Several factors play a role in shaping your overall cost of living. Major cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Oaxaca City, or Mexico City are typically more expensive compared to smaller towns or rural areas, where daily expenses tend to be lower. Your lifestyle choices also make a significant difference; indulging in frequent dining out, local activities, and constant exploring will naturally increase your costs, while a simpler, budget-conscious lifestyle will keep them down. Accommodation is another key factor—renting an apartment in a city center usually comes with a higher price tag, while living on the outskirts or in less central neighborhoods can reduce your monthly expenses considerably.

Comparative City Cost Analysis

Here’s a breakdown of typical monthly expenses for a single digital nomad living in key Turkish cities:

CategoryIstanbul (Est. USD)Antalya (Est. USD)Izmir (Est. USD)Notes/Tips
Rent (1-Bed Apt)500-1,000400-800450-850Prices vary widely by neighborhood and amenities. Negotiate for more extended stays. Consider furnished vs. unfurnished.
Utilities (Basic)50-10040-8045-90Includes electricity, heating, cooling, garbage, and water. It can be higher in peak summer/winter.
Internet (Home)20-3515-3018-32High-speed fiber optic is available in most urban areas. Shop around for the best deals.
Groceries150-250120-200130-220Local markets (pazarlar) offer fresh, cheaper produce. Supermarket chains are widely available.
Local Transport30-5020-3525-40Istanbulkart (Istanbul), Antalyakart (Antalya), and Kentkart (Izmir) are essential for public transport.
Dining Out (Mid)150-300100-250120-280Eating local (esnaf lokantası) is an affordable option. Western-style restaurants can be pricier.
Mobile Plan10-208-189-19Prepaid plans with generous data are standard. Turkcell, Vodafone, and Türk Telekom are the leading providers.
Co-working Space100-20070-15080-160Monthly memberships. Some cafes offer good working environments.
Total (Est. USD)1,010-2,105813-1,613877-1,751These estimates are for a single digital nomad living comfortably, but not luxuriously. Personal spending habits will significantly affect the total.

Disclaimer:

These estimates are based on typical digital nomad spending habits in Turkey and may vary depending on individual preferences and lifestyle choices. For the most accurate budget, it is advised to check the current exchange rates and local cost-of-living surveys, as prices fluctuate over time. To ensure you are budgeting correctly, always check current exchange rates (e.g., via financial websites or currency conversion apps) before making transactions.

For actionable advice that goes beyond generalities, here’s some practical guidance:

  • Banking: Open a local bank account with your residence permit for easier transactions. Banks such as Garanti, BBVA, and Ziraat Bank offer English-language services.
  • Negotiating Rent: Don’t hesitate to negotiate, especially for long-term leases. Rent prices can often be flexible, especially outside of major tourist seasons.
  • Public Transport Apps: For public transport in Istanbul, download Istanbulkart for easy access to buses, metros, and trams. Yandex and BiTaksi are great options for taxis and ride-sharing services.

By following these tips and knowing what to expect, you’ll be able to budget efficiently and get the most out of your experience as a digital nomad in Turkey.

Navigating Within Cities: Intra-City Travel

Public Transport Systems

Turkey’s major cities offer reliable public transport options:

Transport ModeDetails
MetroAvailable in cities such as Istanbul and Ankara, offering efficient and affordable travel.
TramFound in cities like Istanbul and İzmir, ideal for exploring the city center.
BusCovers a wide range of routes, connecting suburbs with the city center.
Dolmuş (Shared Minibuses)Popular and affordable, operating on fixed routes—great for short distances.
FerryIn Istanbul, ferries provide a scenic way to cross the Bosporus while avoiding traffic.

City-Specific Transport Cards

Most cities use smart cards for easy access to public transport. Istanbulkart in Istanbul, Antalyakart in Antalya, and Kentkart in Izmir are essential for accessing metro, tram, and bus services. These cards can be topped up and used for multiple transport modes, offering convenience and savings.

Ride-Sharing Apps

Ride-sharing apps like BiTaksi and Uber (limited availability in certain cities) are widely used for city travel. BiTaksi is especially popular in Istanbul, offering a reliable and affordable way to navigate the city. While Uber operates in some areas, it’s not as widely available as BiTaksi.

Taxis

Taxis are readily available, but it’s crucial to ensure the meter is running. To avoid misunderstandings, always check that the driver has started the meter at the beginning of your ride. If you’re unsure, consider using a ride-sharing app to ensure transparency. Prices are generally affordable in Turkey, but traffic can sometimes add to the cost.

Walking & Cycling:

Exploring cities on foot is an excellent way to soak in the local culture. In cities like Istanbul and Izmir, walking is often the best way to navigate narrow streets and lively neighborhoods. Many cities are also becoming more bike-friendly, with designated bike lanes in some areas.

Safety, Culture & Local Laws

Essential Safety Tips for Nomads

When it comes to safety in Turkey, a few practical points are worth keeping in mind. In crowded tourist areas, pickpocketing can happen, so it is important to stay alert and keep your belongings secure at all times. Knowing the local emergency numbers is also useful—155 for police, 112 for ambulance, and 110 for fire services—as these can differ from country to country. When choosing accommodation, take time to research safe neighborhoods; expat-friendly areas in cities like Istanbul, Antalya, and İzmir are generally reliable, though checking recent reviews is always a smart step. For solo female travelers, Turkey is largely safe, but dressing modestly, especially in rural areas or when visiting religious sites, is recommended. Staying aware of your surroundings will go a long way in ensuring a smooth and worry-free experience.

Key Cultural Etiquette & Customs

  1. Greetings and Social Interactions: A handshake is standard, but a warm greeting, such as “Merhaba” (Hello), is appreciated.
  2. Dress Codes: Modesty is important, particularly in religious sites. Women may be required to cover their heads when entering mosques.
  3. Dining Etiquette: In Turkish culture, meals are often shared, and offering tea is a sign of genuine hospitality. Don’t be surprised if someone gives you a cup of tea after a meal.
  4. Respecting Elders: In Turkish society, elders hold a special place of honor. Showing respect through gestures, such as standing when someone enters a room, is a common sign of respect.

Familiarize yourself with local customs, dress codes, and social etiquette, especially when visiting religious sites or interacting with elders, to ensure a respectful and positive experience.

Important Local Laws & Regulations

In Turkey, alcohol is widely available, though consumption tends to be more restrained in rural areas, so it is best to drink responsibly and stay mindful of local drinking hours. Smoking is common but regulated—while it is allowed in designated areas, it is strictly prohibited in indoor public spaces such as restaurants, cafes, and public transportation. When it comes to photography, respect for privacy is important, particularly in rural regions, where asking permission before taking someone’s photo is considered polite. Drug laws are extremely strict, with severe penalties for any drug-related offenses, so it is crucial to avoid any involvement with illegal substances. Large gatherings or political protests are best avoided, as they can quickly become tense. Finally, depending on your visa type, you may need to register with local authorities soon after arrival, making it important to confirm and complete this step to stay compliant.

Keep both digital and physical copies of important documents (such as passports, visas, insurance, and flight tickets) easily accessible and securely backed up.

Building Community & Networking

The Digital Nomad’s Guide to Thriving in Turkey: Culture, Community & Connectivity

Building connections is essential for any digital nomad. In Turkey, there are numerous ways to integrate into the local and expat communities. From online forums to local meetups, opportunities for social interaction and professional networking are abundant.

Connecting with Other Digital Nomad

Building a community as a digital nomad can make life abroad smoother and more enjoyable. Online forums and groups on platforms like Facebook and Reddit are great starting points, providing real-time advice, networking opportunities, and updates on local events. In many cities, particularly Istanbul, Antalya, and even nearby hubs like Tbilisi, regular meetups bring digital nomads together to share experiences and build connections. Co-working spaces also play a big role; beyond offering a productive work environment, they act as social hubs where remote workers can collaborate, exchange ideas, and form lasting friendships.

Integrating with Local Culture

Learning a few basic Turkish phrases can go a long way in helping you integrate and connect more deeply with the local culture, and apps like Duolingo or Memrise make it easy to get started. Cultural exchange events, such as workshops or traditional activities, offer an authentic way to experience Turkish customs and traditions firsthand. Volunteering is another meaningful option, as it not only allows you to give back to the community but also creates opportunities to meet locals and build genuine connections.

Finding a Supportive Community Abroad

Expat groups in many Turkish cities provide a strong support system, often organized around specific nationalities, making them a helpful resource for advice and community building. Beyond that, joining interest-based clubs—whether focused on sports, hobbies, or the arts—offers a great way to connect with people who share similar passions. Even something as simple as becoming a regular at local cafes or small businesses can help you build familiarity and establish a sense of belonging within the community.

Making the Most of Your Nomad Experience

Thriving as a digital nomad in Turkey requires both adaptability and mindfulness. Embracing new experiences, from trying traditional food to learning about local customs and traditions, will enrich your stay and deepen your cultural connection. Being open to cultural differences is equally important, as respect and understanding go a long way in building positive relationships with locals and fellow expats. At the same time, maintaining a healthy work-life balance is key—making space for both productivity and leisure will ensure that your time in Turkey is not only successful professionally but also fulfilling personally.

Digital Nomad Success Stories from Turkey

Real-World Experiences: Insights from Nomads Living in Turkey

Turkey has become a hub for digital nomads, offering a blend of culture, affordability, and stunning landscapes, much like Mexico City. To give you a better sense of what life is really like here, we’ve gathered insights from a few digital nomads who have made Turkey their home. These stories cover their personal experiences, challenges, and advice for new nomads considering Turkey as their next base.

1) Why They Chose Turkey

John, a Freelance Web Developer in Istanbul:

“I chose Turkey because of its affordable cost of living compared to Western Europe, combined with the opportunity to experience a rich, diverse culture. Istanbul, in particular, has an energy that’s unlike anywhere else I’ve been—modern but deeply rooted in history. Plus, the time zone is perfect for working with clients in both Europe and the US.”

2) Their Favorite City and Why

Sarah, a Digital Marketing Specialist in Antalya:

“I love Antalya. The blend of beach life and modern amenities makes it an ideal destination for digital nomads. The city has a slower pace compared to Istanbul, which helps me focus on work, but there’s always something to do—whether it’s exploring ancient ruins or hiking in the mountains.”

3) Biggest Challenges Faced and How They Overcame Them

Alex, a Graphic Designer in Izmir:

“My biggest challenge was navigating the visa process. At first, it was a bit overwhelming with all the paperwork, especially since I didn’t speak much Turkish. However, I found a local immigration lawyer who guided me through the process. It was incredibly helpful to have someone familiar with the system. Language was another hurdle, but learning basic phrases through Duolingo has made a huge difference in my daily life.”

4) Unexpected Joys or Discoveries

Linda, an Entrepreneur in Istanbul:

“I never expected to fall in love with Turkish food the way I did. There’s something about eating at local restaurants and trying fresh, seasonal dishes that you just can’t replicate elsewhere. Plus, the sense of community here is so strong—people are always willing to help you get settled in.”

5) Top Tips for New Nomads Coming to Turkey

Ryan, a Software Developer in Izmir:

“My top tip is to get the Istanbulkart or Kentkart as soon as you can. It’s your key to public transportation, saving you a significant amount of time and money. Also, don’t be afraid to try out local markets. You can find fresh, organic produce at a fraction of the cost you’d pay in supermarkets. Lastly, start learning basic Turkish phrases—it will help you integrate and make daily life smoother.”

6) Daily Routine and Work Setup

Emma, a Content Writer in Fethiye:

“My typical day involves a morning walk by the sea to clear my head, followed by a few hours of focused work in my co-working space. Fethiye is a more relaxed place, so I enjoy the slower pace of life here. My setup is simple—just a laptop and a good Wi-Fi connection. I like to take breaks in the afternoon to explore the local shops and cafes before returning to work in the evening.”

Connecting with Other Nomads

If you’re considering making the move to Turkey, connecting with other digital nomads can provide valuable support and advice. Platforms like Facebook groups and Reddit are great for real-time insights. Additionally, Turkey’s growing number of co-working spaces provides a natural hub for meeting fellow remote workers.

To enhance the authenticity of these stories, we’ve included first-hand accounts and advice from nomads who have lived the experience. Additionally, if you’re navigating legal or logistical hurdles, connecting with local experts, such as immigration lawyers or real estate agents, can help you avoid common pitfalls and streamline your transition to Turkey.

Conclusion

Turkey presents a unique opportunity for digital nomads, offering a blend of cultural richness, affordability, and evolving infrastructure to support remote work, much like Italy & Morocco. Whether you’re drawn to the ancient streets of Istanbul or the coastal charm of Antalya, or even the marvellous city of Rio de Janeiro, Turkey provides an environment where professional growth and personal exploration go hand in hand. With an expanding network of co-working spaces, high-speed internet, and a welcoming community of nomads, it’s a place where work and leisure truly coexist.

By equipping yourself with the proper knowledge and preparation, Turkey can become your ideal destination for digital nomads. Understanding the visa process, getting familiar with local customs, and planning your finances will lay the foundation for a smooth and successful stay. While there will be challenges, this guide has provided all the key tools you need to tackle them head-on and make your experience in Turkey a rewarding one. You’re more than ready to start!

Now is the time to leap! Begin your planning today by utilizing the insights and resources provided in this guide. Whether you’re immersing yourself in the vibrant energy of Istanbul or Brazil’s vibrant metropolis of Sao Paulo, Turkey promises a unique combination of professional opportunity and personal fulfillment waiting for you.

Our commitment to keeping this guide accurate and up-to-date is unwavering. As visa regulations, the cost of living, and local laws are subject to change, we will ensure that this content is regularly revised with the most current information. Your digital nomad journey in Turkey will be supported by a continual source of expert insights, guiding you toward success throughout your stay.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Can I work for Turkish companies on a Digital Nomad Visa?

Answer: No, the Digital Nomad Visa is designed for remote workers who work for companies outside of Turkey or as freelancers with international clients. It does not permit you to work for a Turkish company. If you’re interested in working for a local company, you will need to apply for a work visa specifically tailored to Turkish employment.

2. Is English widely spoken in Turkey?

Answer: In larger cities like Istanbul, Izmir, and Antalya, English is pretty widely spoken, particularly in tourist areas, cafes, and co-working spaces. However, in more rural areas or smaller towns, English may not be as standard, so learning some basic Turkish phrases can be very helpful.

3. What’s the best time of year to move to Turkey?

Answer: The best time to move to Turkey depends on your preferences:

  • Spring (April to June) and fall (September to November) offer mild temperatures, making them excellent times for outdoor activities and settling in.
  • Summer (July to August) can be very hot, particularly in cities like Istanbul and Antalya, so if you’re not fond of the heat, it’s best to avoid these months.
  • Winter is generally mild on the coast (e.g., Antalya) but can be chilly in inland areas (e.g., Ankara).

4. How safe is Turkey for solo female travelers?

Answer: Turkey is generally safe for solo female travelers, especially in well-populated tourist areas. However, like in any country, it’s essential to stay aware of your surroundings, avoid poorly lit areas at night, and dress modestly, particularly in more conservative regions. Many solo female travelers report having positive experiences in Turkey.

5. What are the public holidays I should be aware of?

Answer: Turkey observes several important public holidays that can influence daily life and business hours. Republic Day, celebrated on October 29, is one of the most significant national holidays, while April 23 marks National Sovereignty and Children’s Day, a day dedicated to both democracy and the younger generation. Islamic holidays such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha are also widely observed, though their dates shift each year based on the lunar calendar. Labor Day on May 1 recognizes workers’ rights, and Victory Day on August 30 commemorates a key moment in Turkish history. Since many businesses, government offices, and even some transportation services may operate on limited schedules during these holidays, it is always wise to plan ahead.

6. Can I bring my pet to Turkey?

Answer: Yes, you can bring your pet to Turkey, but there are specific requirements that must be met. Pets must have a microchip, a valid rabies vaccination, and a health certificate from an accredited veterinarian. It’s essential to check with the Turkish consulate or local authorities for the latest import regulations and to ensure compliance with pet travel rules.

7. How do I deal with the language barrier effectively?

Answer: Managing the language barrier in Turkey is easier with a proactive approach. Learning basic Turkish phrases through apps like Duolingo or Memrise can be very helpful, as even simple greetings and polite expressions are often appreciated by locals. In major cities, you will find that many people speak some English, particularly in restaurants, hotels, and co-working spaces, which makes daily interactions smoother. However, for deeper integration and more confidence in everyday life, taking formal language classes or hiring a local tutor can be a great investment, helping you navigate more complex situations and connect more meaningfully with the community.

8. What’s the internet speed like in smaller cities?

Answer: While internet speed is generally excellent in larger cities like Istanbul and Izmir, in smaller towns, you might find internet connections less reliable, particularly in rural areas. However, Turkey is improving its digital infrastructure, and many smaller cities now offer decent internet speeds. Before settling, it’s advisable to check local reviews or ask about internet availability.

9. Are there specific cultural norms around clothing or behavior?

Answer: Yes, cultural norms in Turkey can vary depending on the region. In more liberal cities, such as Istanbul, dress codes are generally more relaxed, but in more conservative areas, especially around religious sites, modest attire is expected. For women, this means covering their shoulders and knees; wearing a headscarf is also necessary when entering mosques. Respecting local customs and showing politeness, especially in interactions with elders, is also crucial.

10. What kind of power adapters do I need in Turkey?

Answer: Turkey uses the Type F power plug, which has two round pins. The standard voltage is 230V and the frequency is 50Hz. If your devices use a different plug type, you’ll need an adapter. Additionally, if your electronics are not compatible with 230V, you may need a voltage converter.

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